ÿþ<html xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <title>Ahmad kasravi , Historian & Auther</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="fr-FX"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <meta name="rating" content="General"> <meta name="distribution" content="Global"> <meta name="Date-Creation-yyyymmdd" content="20020523"> <meta name="Date-Revision-yyyymmdd" content="tout les jours"> <meta name="revisit-after" content="15 days"> <meta name="description" content="about Ahmad Kasravi , Author , historian without a doubt one of the most prolific writers of twentieth-century Iran, with broad interests as a reformer and thinker in virtually all aspects of his society." 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mso-bidi-language:FA'><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellpadding=0 width="90%" style='width:90.0%;mso-cellspacing:1.5pt;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR style='font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Nesf'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=RTL></span><span lang=FA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'><span dir=RTL></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>E7D( 2J1 '2 C*'( « *'1J. ,1'&/ H E,D'* » FH4*G E-E/ 5/1 G'4EJ / ,D/ /HE  †'~ /HE 3'D 1364 / (1¯1A*G 4/G '3* .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed'><span dir=LTR style='font-size:11.0pt; 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E' GE (FH(* .H/ 'F5'A FEH/G '¯1 'J1'/ 1' (,' /J/JE (J/1F¯ "F1' ~0J1A*G H '2 1HJ -B 4F'3J ~'3. .H'GJE F¯'4*. /1 GEG ,' E' -B H 1'3*J 1' (1*1 H H'D'*1 /'F3*G '2 .H/.H'GJ H .H/FE'&J /H1 .H'GJE (H/.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:1.4pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:17.85pt;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi: embed'><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>'E' (.4 /HE E,DG JC,' "2'/ '3* CG G1¯HFG EB'</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>DG</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> 9DEJ CG (13/ H '2 G1 CG (13/ (†'~ "F E('/1* .H'GJE H12J/ (' 417 'JFCG FHJ3F/G /13*C'1J FEH/G ¯A*G H FH</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>4*G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> /J¯1'F 1' (F'E .H/ FC1/G ('4/. /1 'JF (.4 GE '¯1†G "B'J C31HJ '2 †F/ 3'D ~J4 '2 F¯'14G'J 9DEJ /H1 '3* H </span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf; mso-bidi-language:FA'>(¯A*G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Nesf'> .H/ 'H ¯A*¯HJ *'1J. H ,:1'AJ H 'JF¯HFG E7'D( (' -'D 'E1H2 ¯J*J (/'F EJE'F/ CG C3'FJ (1 31 (JE'1J CG 3.* 1F,H1 '3* F43*G H (,'J "FCG /1 ~J /1E'F /1/ 'H ('4F/ (31H/F *'1</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>J.†G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> 2F/¯'FJ 'H (~1/'2F/. (' 'JF GEG †HF E' (.4J '2 E,DG 1' (1'J F41 'JF ¯HFG E7'D( .'5 C1/G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family: Nesf;mso-hansi-font-family:Nesf'> </span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>'JE H '2 "F3HJ '2 "B'J C31HJ J'//'4*G'J (3J'1J /1('1</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> *'1J. H ,:1'AJ H 2('F 'J1'F /1 /3* '3* CG GFH2 †'~ FJ'A*G 'JF3* CG JC14*G '2 "F J'//'4*G' 1' FJ2 /1 E,DG F41 .H'GJE 3'.*. '2 ,EDG </span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>*'</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>DJAJ 1' (F'E (*'1J. ~'F5/ 3'</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>DG</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> .H23*'F) CG C*'(J '3* /1 2</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language: FA'>EJFG</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> .H/ (J E'FF/ H 4'ED E7'D(J '3* CG /1 ,'J /J¯1 (G /3* FJ'J/ /1 'E3'D ,2H (,2H /1 ".1 4E'1G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Nesf;mso-hansi-font-family:Nesf'> </span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>G' (†'~ .H'GJE 13'F/ .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:1.4pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:17.85pt;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi: embed'><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>E1-HE C31HJ E/J1 ~JE'F  '2 ,EDG /'F4EF/'FJ '3* CG /1 '95'J '.J1 CE*1 F8J14 ~J/' 4/G (H/ H /1 "&JF H '5HD ',*E'9J 9B'J/ (.5H5J /'4* H '2 'JF ,G* EF/1,'* ~JE'F 9('1* '2 JC14*G 'F*B'/'*J3* '2 'H6'9 2F/¯J 'J1'FJ'F H 712 E9'41* H "/'( ',*E'9J "FG'. /1 B6'J'J *'1J.J H '/(J FJ2 E1-HE C31HJ /'1'J F81J'* .'5J '3* CG (1'J '7D'9 '2 "FG' 4E'1G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:Nesf;mso-hansi-font-family:Nesf'> </span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>G'J </span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>E,DG</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> ~JE'F (G*1JF E/1C EJ('4/. 9E/G 'GEJ* C31HJ 4,'9* '.D'BJ H '/(J 'H3* CG (' (J ~1H'&J *'E 9B'J/ .H/ 1' HDH 'JFCG (1.D'A F81 9EHE (H/G '8G'1 /'4*G H (' ~'A4'1J 2'J/'DH5AJ "FG' 1' (G 71A EJB(HD'F/ E+D'K F81J'* 'H /1('1</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> 39/J  -'A8 H EHDHJ H /J¯1 491'J EGE 'J1'F  (.D'5G 'JFCG ,2 2J'F H 611 (1'J E' 3H/ /J¯1J F/'4*G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family: Nesf;mso-hansi-font-family:Nesf'> </span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>'F/  '2 9B'J/J '3* CG ,E9 2J'/J 1' (' 'H /4EF 313.* FEH/. H 9'B(* GE †F'FCG .H'GJE /'/<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>GEJF 9B'J/ H F81J'* CG (1.D'A 9BJ/</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> 9EHEJ (H/ ('9+ 4/ CG /1 ~'J*.* /1 JCJ '2 E-'CE /'/¯3*1J /H FA1 ,H'F E*95( HJ1' (G B*D (13'FF/.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:1.4pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:17.85pt;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi: embed'><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>(1'J E2J/ '7D'9 .H'FF/¯'F AG13* EF/1,'* (96J '2 4E'1G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family: Nesf;mso-hansi-font-family:Nesf'> </span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>G'J ~JE'F 1' FBD EJFE'&JE: 1E'F (†1' /'F' /1H: ~1/'2/ J' (.H'F/F /1H: 9E1 .H/ 1' *('G 3'2/). .H'G1'F H E'/1'F E' (C31HJ *(1J2J). ~J4FG'/ H ~'/'4 (~JE'F). 9FH'FG'J ~H† . 4E'D @ ,FH( @ E41B @ E:1(. :D7G'J *'2G. E-E/ F'/1 4'G. ¯2'A</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:Nesf;mso-hansi-font-family: Nesf'> </span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>('AJ J' /1H:¯H&J. '3D'E H 'J1'F. GE /2/ GE /1H:('A. *E/F †J3* ¯2'14 41B H :1(. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:1.4pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:17.85pt;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi: embed'><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>AG13* EF/1,'* 4E'1</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf; mso-bidi-language:FA'>G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Nesf'> †G'1E 3'D /HE  EH1. A1H1/JF 1314 4E3J: E'/1'F H .H'G1'F E' (C31HJ). 1G'FF/G (491 "B'J 5/JBJ). J'/J '2 /DJ1'F 'J1'F (F'51). /JF (491 "B'J 5/JBJ). EJ2'F FJC H (/ (5/JBJ). /D(1 ~F/'1J (491 "B'J 4J/'&J). /1 ~J1'EHF 491 H 5HAJ¯1J. "&JF *F/13*J (/C*1 *HE'FJ'F3). .1/G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family: Nesf;mso-hansi-font-family:Nesf'> </span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>¯J1J H ~'3. "F (./'~13*). ~134 H ~'3. (9. C*'(†J). /1 ~J1'EHF *'1J. .H23*'F ('E'E). B1'1 CD'F (C31HJ). ¯2'14 41B H :1( (~JE'F). J'/¯'1 A1/H3J. *'1J. GJ,/G 3'</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>DG</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> "01('J,'F (C*'().<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:1.4pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:17.85pt;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi: embed'><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>,'J '/'1</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> ~JE'F: *G1'F  .J'('F 4'G~H1  CH†) B'~H†J ('4J. (G'J 3'D'FG: 40 1J'D. 44 E'GG 20 1J'D. /1 (J1HF 'J1'F 3'D'FG 12 4DF¯. F3.G</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:Nesf;mso-hansi-font-family: Nesf'> </span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'>'J 4 1J'D. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='margin-right:1.4pt;text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:17.85pt;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi: embed'><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language: FA'>E,DG</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> ~JE'F '2 GE'F '(*/' (G 9D* *'2¯J E7'D( "F EH1/ *H,G B1'1 ¯1A* H G1 FH(* 4'J/ E*,'H2 '2 G2'1 4E'1G (†'~ EJ13J/ H E7'D( "F EH1/ 'F*B'/ B1'1 EJ¯1A* HDJ ¯1A*'1JG'J "B'J C31HJ /1 3FH'* '.J1 ('9+ 4/G (H/ CG 'JF E,DG E1*( EF*41 F¯1// HDJ (G15H1* *' 4G1JH1 1320 CG (,'J "F 1H2F'</span><span lang=FA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-bidi-language:FA'>EG</span><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf'> ~1†E EF*41 4/<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>:J1E1*( 'F*4'1 EJJ'A*.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:23.8pt;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Nesf'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal dir=RTL style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=AR-SA style='font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Nesf'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Nesf'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Nesf;mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:FA'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </div> </body> </html>